Separation of powers in Finland
The separation of powers is a fundamental principle of the Finnish constitutional system. It means that political power is divided between different institutions, preventing any single authority from becoming too powerful and protecting democracy and the rule of law.
The principle of separation of powers
The idea of separating powers is based on the understanding that concentrating authority in one institution creates a risk of abuse. By dividing power, each branch of government can limit and supervise the others.
In Finland, this principle is embedded in the Constitution and applies to all public authorities. No institution may act entirely independently of the others.
Legislative power: Parliament
Legislative power in Finland belongs to Parliament. Parliament passes laws, amends existing legislation, and approves the state budget.
In practice, this means that no binding law can be adopted without parliamentary approval. Even when laws are prepared by the Government, Parliament has the final say.
Executive power: Government and President
Executive power is exercised by the Government, which is responsible for implementing laws and managing state administration. The Prime Minister leads the Government’s daily work.
The President of the Republic also exercises executive authority, particularly in foreign policy, in cooperation with the Government. This shared responsibility reflects Finland’s balanced constitutional model.
Judicial power: Independent courts
Judicial power in Finland belongs to independent courts. Courts interpret and apply the law in individual cases and ensure that legal disputes are resolved fairly.
Judges are independent and may not receive instructions from Parliament, the Government, or the President. For example, a court decision cannot be changed by political authorities.
Why this matters in everyday life
The separation of powers protects individuals against the misuse of authority. It ensures that laws are debated democratically, applied by accountable authorities, and interpreted by independent courts.
For citizens, this means that decisions affecting their rights can be reviewed and challenged, reinforcing trust in public institutions.