History beyond independence
Finland’s history did not begin with independence in 1917. Centuries under Swedish rule, the period as a Grand Duchy of Russia, internal conflict, wars, and post-war neutrality have all shaped Finnish society, institutions, and identity. This section explains the key historical periods that continue to influence Finland today.
Finland under Swedish rule
For several centuries, Finland was part of the Kingdom of Sweden. Swedish law, administration, and culture left a lasting legacy.
Finland under Swedish rule →Grand Duchy of Russia
From 1809 to 1917, Finland was an autonomous Grand Duchy within the Russian Empire.
Finland as a Grand Duchy of Russia →Civil War and the Second World War
The Finnish Civil War and the Second World War were decisive events in the formation of the modern Finnish state.
The Finnish Civil War (1918) → Finland during the Second World War →Post-war Finland and modern development
After the war, Finland pursued neutrality, rebuilt its economy, and developed into a modern welfare state.
Post-war Finland and neutrality → Modern Finland since EU membership →